Pioneers in Science
- Anderson—Discovered positive electrons.
- Archimedes—Discovery of the Principles of lever and of specific gravity; invention of the famous Archimedean screw.
- Avogadro—An Italian scientist known for Avogadro’s Hypothesis.
- Bacquerel—Radioactivity of uranium.
- Baird—Television. Baron
- Napier—Logarithms.
- Benjamin Franklin—Invented lightning conductor.
- Bessemer—Steel-smelting process.
- Bhabha, Dr H.J.—Research in Cosmic rays and Quantum theory.
- Binet—Intelligence Test.
- Birbal Sahni—Researches in Botany.
- Bose, J.C.—Invented Crescograph and published many works on plant physiology. He discovered that plants have sense and perception.
- Bose, S.N.—Discovery of a group of nuclear particles named after him “Boson”.
- Boyle—Boyle’s law; Pressure x volume = constant at a constant given temperature. Boyle was the greatest scientist of England in his time.
- Bohr—Electron Theory—Atomic structure.
- Braun, Dr Wernher von—space flying.
- Bunsen—Invention of the spectroscope.
- Carothers—Nylon plastics.
- Cavendish—Discovery of chemical composition of water; discovery of hydrogen (Inflammable Air); ‘rare gases’.
- Chadwick—Discovery of the neutron.
- Chandrasekhar—Mathematical Astrophysics.
- Charles Darwin—Theory of Evolution; Origin of Species.
- Clarke, Arthur C. —Concept of Geostationary Orbit.
- Curie, Madame—Discovery of radium.
- Dalton—Atomic theory; laws of chemical combination; law of partial pressures; the law of multiple proportions.
- Democritus—Greek philosopher—(Atomic theory).
- Dewar—Invented cordite, liquid oxygen and introduced thermos flask.
- Einstein—Theory of relativity.
- Euclid—Science of geometry.
- Fahrenheit—Fahrenheit mercury thermometric scale in which freezing point is –32° and boiling point is 212°.
- Faraday—Electromagnetic induction and laws of electrolysis.
- Fermi—Discovered artificial splitting of atoms.
- Freud—Doctrine of Psychoanalysis.
- Gay Lussac—Law of gases. Gauss—System of absolute electric measurements.
- Good Year—Discovered the art of vulcanising rubber.
- Herschel, William—Discovered the Planet—Uranus.
- Hertz—Electrical waves.
- Hippalus—Founder of scientific astronomy.
- Hoffmann—Discovered the first aniline dye.
- Kelvin, Lord—Dynamical theory of heat.
- Khorana, Dr Hargobind—Deciphering the genetic code.
- Kodak—Film and photographic goods.
- Lablanc—Manufacture of washing soda.
- Lawrence—Invention of cyclotron. Lockyer—Helium gas.
- Louis Braille—Perfected his system of reading and writing for the blind.
- Marconi—Wireless telegraphy; radio.
- Maria-Montessori—‘Montessori’ method of teaching children.
- Maxwell—Electro-magnetic Theory of Light.
- Meghnad Saha—Effect of pressure on Radiation through bodies.
- Mendel—Laws of heredity. Mandeleev—Periodic Table.
- Morse—Morse system of electric telegraphy.
- Newton—Laws of gravitation; Law of Motion.
- Nobel—Dynamite.
- Oliver Lodge—Physicist. Researches in wireless communications.
- Oppenheimer—Researches in atomic theory.
- Otto Hahn—Discovery of uranium fission.
- Parkes—Celluloid. Parsons—Steam turbine.
- Pavlov—Theory of Conditioned Reflex. Perkin—‘Mauve dye’.
- Pitman—Founded the Pitman system of phonographic shorthand.
- Planck—Quantum theory.
- Plimsoll—Introduced a line of demarcation on the ships beyond which the ships cannot be loaded.
- Priestley—Discovery of Oxygen.
- Raman, C.V.—“Raman Effect” on polarisation of light and theories on crystals and diamond formation.
- Ramanathan—Molecular scattering of light in fluids.
- Ramanujam—A great Indian mathematician.
- Ramsay—Discovery of Inert gases such as Argon, Neon, and Helium etc.
- Ray, P.C.—Researches in chemistry.
- Regnault—Experiments in regard to the physical properties of bodies and their relation to heat.
- Roger Bacon—Gun powder.
- Rontgen—Discovery of X-rays.
- Rohmkorff—Induction coil.
- Rutherford—Atomic Research; succeeded in splitting the atom for the first time in 1918.
- Shalimar—Paints.
- Stephenson—British engineer and pioneer in Railways. He was the first to put a locomotive on the line that was able to draw a train of 31 carriages.
- Thomson, J.J.—Discovered electron.
- Travers—Discovery of Neon gas (Working with Ramsay).
- Urey—Discovery of Heavy Hydrogen.
- Volta—Current electricity and electric battery.
Pioneers in Mechanical Inventions and Discoveries
- Austin—Motor Car. Bell,
- Graham—Telephone.
- Berliner—Microphone.
- Brequet—Helicopter.
- Bushwell—Submarine.
- Caxton—Printing Press.
- Colt—Revolver.
- Daimler—Gas engine.
- Davy—Miner’s Safety Lamp.
- Diesel—Internal Combustion engine (Diesel engine).
- Dunlop—Pneumatic tyre.
- Edison—First electric bulb and gramophone.
- Faraday—Dynamo.
- Fick—Law of Diffusion—Fick’s Law.
- Frank Whittle—Jet propulsion.
- Fulton—Stream boat.
- Galileo—Telescope.
- Gillette—Safety razor.
- Guttenburg—Art of Printing.
- Hoe—Rotary Printing Press.
- Howe—Sewing Machine.
- Huygens—Pendulum clock.
- James Watt—Steam engine (patented in 1769).
- Landstrom, J.E.—Safety Matches.
- Macmillan—Bicycle (1842).
- Mauser—Magazine of rifle.
- Mercator—Celestial and a terrestrial globe.
- Montgolfier—Balloon (1883)
- Pascal—Calculating Machine.
- Puckle, James—Machine gun
- Shockley—Transistor.
- Sholes—Typewriter.
- Stephenson—Railway engine.
- Swinton—Military tank.
- Torricelli—Barometer.
- Watt, Robert Watson—Radar.
- W. & O. Wright (Wright Brothers)—Aeroplane (1903).
- Waterman—Fountain pen.
- Zeiss—Lenses; Camera.
Pioneers in Medical Inventions and Discoveries
- Banting—Insulin (as a palliative for diabetes).
- Barnard, Christian—Replacing the human heart.
- Brahmchari, U.M.—Cure of Kala-a-zar fever.
- Davy—Isolation of metals by electricity; studied properties of chlorine.
- Domagk—Sulpha drugs as bactericides.
- Eijkman—Cause of Beri-Beri.
- Finsen—Discovered curative effect of ultra violet rays; photography.
- Fleming, Alexander—Penicillin (in 1929).
- Harvey—Circulation of blood.
- Hahnemann—Homoeopathy (founder).
- Hopkins, Frederick Gowland—Vitamin D.
- Jenner—Smallpox Vaccination.
- Koch—Tubercle Bacillus.
- Lainnec—Stethoscope.
- Lister, Lord—Antiseptic treatment.
- Pasteur, Louis—Treatment of rabies; cure of hydrophobia.
- Ronald Ross—Malaria Parasite.
- Salk, Jonas E. —Anti-polio Vaccine.
- Simpson and Harrison—Chloroform.
- Waksman—Streptomycin.
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
- Hydrometer measures humidity
- Barometer measures atmospheric pressure
- Purity of milk is measured by lactometer
- Fathometer measures the depth of oceans.
- Sextant is used for measuring altitude of Sun and other heavenly bodies
- Chronometer records accurate time on ships
- Algesimeter indicates the degree of sensitiveness of skin
- Altimeter measures altitudes
- Ammeter measures current
- Anemometer records velocity of wind
- Cyamometer measures blueness of sky or ocean
- Dasymeter measures density of gas
- Galvanometer measures small electric current
- Hydrometer measures relative density of liquids
- Hygrometer measures humidity in atmosphere
- Hypsometer measures atmospheric pressure to ascertain elevations by determining boiling point of liquid. Or Hypsometer is an instrument for measuring the height above sea level.
- Manometer measures pressure of gases
- Micrometer measures minute distances
- Periscope is used for viewing objects above eye level
- Cyclotron is used for electromagnetic acceleration of charged atoms
- Geiger counter is used for detecting and recording radioactivity. It was invented by Hans Geiger (1882-1945)
- Pyrometer measures high temperatures
- Refrectometer measures refractive index of a substance
- Seismograph measures intensity of earthquake
- Telstar transmits wireless or T.V broadcast
- Viscometer measures viscosity of liquids
- Spiro graph records the movement of lungs
- Photometer measures rate of transpiration
- Scotograph is used for enbling blind to write
- Eratosthenes measures distance round the earth
- Kaldio-scopes have proved helpful in finding the amount of dampness in soil
- Mohr’s scale measures degree of hardness of minerals
- RBC and WBC is bloods are counted by Hemocytometer.
- Manometer is the instrument of measuring gas pressure.
- Spectrometer instrument for measuring the spectrum of light.
- The variation in the blood flow can be heard with an instrument called _ stethoscope _
- What is measured by an interferometer-Wavelength of light
- Hydrophone is used for measuring sound under water.
- Magnometer is an instrument designed to compare the magnetic movement and field.
- Potometer is used to measure the rate of respiration in animal and plants.
- For measuring solar radiation we use pyrheliometer.
- Actimometer measures direct heating power of the Sun.
- Ammeter is use for measuring current strength.
- Manometer is the instrument of measuring gas pressure.
- Spectrometer instrument for measuring the spectrum of light.
- An instrument known as rain gauge makes the measurement of rainfall.
- What is measured with an ombrometer-Rainfall
- The instrument used to measure very high temperature: Infrared pyrometers
- Mechanical energy into electrical energy: Generator
- Heat energy into mechanical energy: Heat engine or steam engine.
- Electrical energy into mechanical energy: Electrical Motor
- Electrical energy into sound energy: Loudspeaker
- Sound energy into electrical energy: Microphone
- The device used to measure radioactivity: Geiger-Muller tube
- The device which converts the chemical energy into electrical energy: Battery
- The device used to measure radioactivity. Geiger counter
- Hygrometer is instrument used for measuring humidity of air.
- Heliscope is used for viewing the sun.
- What does a potometer measure- Water intake
- Clinical thermometer usually measures in Fahrenheit.
- Actimometer measures direct heating power of the Sun.
- Ammeter is use for measuring current strength
- Voltammeter is an electrolytic cell for conducting electrolytic dissociation of electrolyte.
- What does a drosomoter measure: Dew
- Relative density of an atmosphere is measured by hygrometer.
- Spirograph is an apparatus used for recording the movement of the lungs.
- The maximum limit of sound beyond which a person can become deaf is 129 lbs.
- Charles K Rhodes developed an X-Ray emitting laser in 1990.
- Son meter is an instrument used to study the behavior of vibrating string.
- The instrument used for measuring the velocity of wind is known as anemometer.
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