The psychological causes of unhappiness, it is clear, are many and various. But all have something in common. The typical unhappy man is one who having been deprived in youth of some normal satisfaction, has come to value this one kind of satisfaction more than any other, and has,
therefore, given to his life a one-sided direction, together with a quite undue emphasis upon the achievement as opposed to the activities connected with it. There is, however, a further development which is very common in the present day. A man may feel so completely thwarted that
he seeks no form of satisfaction, but only distraction and oblivion. He then becomes a devotee of “Pleasure”. That is to say, he seeks to make life bearable by becoming less alive. Drunkenness, for example, is temporary suicide; the happiness that it brings is merely negative, a momentary
cessation of unhappiness. The narcissist and megalomaniac believe that happiness is possible, though they may adopt mistaken means of achieving it; but the man who seeks intoxication, in whatever form, has given up hope except in oblivion. In his case the fist thing to be done is to persuade him that happiness is desirable. Men, who are unhappy, like men who sleep badly, are always proud of the fact. Perhaps their pride is like that of the fox that had lost his tail; if so, the way to cure it is to point out to them how they can grow a new tail. Very few men, I believe, will deliberately choose unhappiness if they see a way of being happy. I do not deny that such men
exist, but they are not sufficiently numerous to be important. It is common in our day, as it has been in many other periods of the world’s history, to suppose that those among us who are wise have seen through all the enthusiasms of earlier times and have become aware that there is nothing left to live for. The men who hold this view are genuinely unhappy, but they are proud of their unhappiness, which they attribute to the nature of the universe and consider to be the only rational attitude for an enlightened man. Their pride in their unhappiness makes less sophisticated people
suspicious of its genuineness; they thing that the man who enjoys being miserable is not miserable. (Words Count: 391)
Solution
Title: ‘The psychological causes of unhappiness’
There are various causes of unhappiness. The most common cause is deprivation from normal satisfaction at young age. This cause badly affects in future performances of an individual. Another present day man finds no satisfaction because of the frustration and depression from his work. So
he uses intoxication for momentary happiness. Some people think that happiness is achievable by what so ever means to be used for it. Finally a group of individuals are there who deliberately want to stay unhappy. They think that this unhappy attitude towards the society would lead them to the
great success. But they are unaware of the fact that this will make them less sophisticated and fake personalities. (115 words)
Training of human intelligence: A Challenge
Human intelligence, an ingredient of social morality, is a challenge to be imparted by educational institutions. Religious custodians have failed to do so and men of power have had no time to bother about requisite problems of social morality, for they consider power a morality. So the responsibility is incurred on educational institutions which could cascade this integral part of intelligence and which consequently would result into love and empathy for humans.
Culture, in human societies, has two main aspects; an external, formal aspect and an inner, ideological aspect. The external forms of culture, social or artistic, are merely an organized expression of its inner ideological aspect, and both are an inherent component of a given social structure. They are changed or modified when this structure. They are changed and modified when this structure is changed or modified and because of this organic link they also help and influence such changes in their parent organism. Cultural Problems, therefore, cannot be studied or understood
or solved in isolation from social problems, i.e. problems of political and economic relationships. The cultural problems of the underdeveloped countries, therefore, have to be understood and solved in the light of larger perspective, in the context of underlying social problems. Very broadly speaking, these problems are primarily the problems of arrested growth; they originate primarily from long years of imperialist-Colonialist domination and the remnants of a backward outmoded social structure. This should not require much elaboration European Imperialism caught up with the countries of Asia, Africa or Latin America between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Some of them were fairly developed feudal societies with ancient traditions of advanced feudal culture. Others had yet to progress beyond primitive pastoral tribalism. Social and cultural development of them all was frozen at the point of their political subjugation and remained frozen until the coming of political
independence. The culture of these ancient feudal societies, in spite of much technical and intellectual excellence, was restricted to a small privileged class and rarely intermingled with the parallel unsophisticated folk culture of the general masses. Primitive tribal culture, in spite of its
child like beauty, had little intellectual content. Both feudal and tribal societies living contagiously in the same homelands were constantly engaged in tribal, racial and religious or other feuds with their tribal and feudal rivals. Colonialist – imperialist domination accentuated this dual fragmentation, the vertical division among different tribal and national groups, the horizontal division among different classes within the same tribal or national groups. This is the basic ground structure, social and
cultural, bequeathed to the newly liberated countries by their former over lords.
SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN HUMAN SOCIETES
In human societies, Culture is divided into formal and ideological outlooks, and both are built-in ingredients of given social structure, Thus Cultural changes influences social structure. Therefore, cultural problems can’t be solved alone. The cultural problems of not fully developed countries can
be solved by understanding social problems. These problems evolved from pre historic imperialist influence on societies. Furthermore, European imperialism grabbed Asian, African and Latin American countries when they were in developing spheres. Political domination suspended their
social and cultural development till the emergence of political independence. Earliest feudal societies which were restricted to small group and tribal culture with little intellect remained engaged in tribal, racial and religious quarrels with their rivals. Imperialists highlighted this division among tribal groups and various classes among them.
TOTAL WORDS= 356
ONE THIRD = 120
MY PRECIS = 125
For more Past Paper click here
Leave a Reply